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| Neb English Support Class 12 |
Section 2: Literature (Essays)
Human Rights and the Age of Inequality Exercise | Samuel Moyn
Human Rights and the Age of Inequality
MAIN INTRODUCTION
Human Rights and the Age of Inequality Samuel Moyn
This essay "Human Rights and the Age of Inequality" was written by Samuel Moyn, an American writer. Here, the writer highlights the gap between the egalitarian crisis and the human rights remedy, arguing that they are inadequate. Samuel Moyn argues that the current human rights system is inadequate for addressing global inequality, suggesting that human rights demand not a subsitute but a suppliment. There is seen an additional aid only rather than a complete solution.
Human Rights and the Age of Inequality Samuel Moyn
This essay "Human Rights and the Age of Inequality" was written by Samuel Moyn, an American writer. Here, the writer highlights the gap between the egalitarian crisis and the human rights remedy, arguing that they are inadequate. Samuel Moyn argues that the current human rights system is inadequate for addressing global inequality, suggesting that human rights demand not a subsitute but a suppliment. There is seen an additional aid only rather than a complete solution.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Human Rights and the Age of Inequality by Samuel Moyn
BEFORE READING THE TEXT
Discuss the following questions.
a. How do you define human rights?
Answer:
We define human rights as rights that have moral principles or norms for certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected in municipal and international law. These rights are the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
b. Do you know about the constitution? How does the Constitution of Nepal guarantee human rights?
Answer:
Yes, I do. The constitution is a formal or informal system of primary principles and laws that regulates a government or other institution. The Constitution of Nepal guarantees human rights by providing various rights to the citizens of Nepal. The Constitution of Nepal 2072 has mentioned various fundamental rights for all Nepalese people in Articles 16–46. These articles include freedom for all citizens to live with dignity, freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom, the right against untouchability and discrimination etc.
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ALL ESSAYS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS' SOLUTION PACK
UNDERSTANDING THE TEXT
Answer the following questions.
a. What is the first human rights declaration adopted by the United Nations?
Answer:
The the first human rights declaration adopted by the United Nations was the "Universal Declaration of Human Rights" (1948).
b. When is Human Rights Day observed?
Answer:
Human Rights Day is observed every year on "December 10".
c. What is the goal of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
Answer:
The goal of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is to ensure basic human rights like health, food, water and freedom for all.
d. What are two big stages that involve writing the history of human rights in relation to that of political economy?
Answer:
Following are the two big stages that involve writing the history of human rights in relation to that of political economy:
1. Post-World War II: National welfare states were created by many countries.
2. Late 20th century: The human rights movement mainly focused on civil and political rights but ignored the prevailed global economic inequality.
e. What are the facts that have been missed in Roosevelt’s call for a “second Bill of Rights”?
Answer:
The facts that have been missed in Roosevelt’s call for a “second Bill of Rights” are as follows:
1. It came quite late into an existing welfare consensus (North Atlantic consensus).
2. It mainly focused on basic needs, not reducing global inequality.
3. It was essentially meant for national, not global, implementation.
f. Write the truth expressed in Herodotus’s Histories.
Answer:
The truth expressed in Herodotus’s Histories was the concept that wealth redistribution often requires extreme force, not just moral arguments. The wealthy king of Lydia "Croesus" and his parable is a fine example. He wanted his citizens to be happy and free from all kinds of sufferings. But he had a problem; he did not want to invest his money to eradicate the suffering of his people. He had collected a lot of wealth for himself, but after being defeated, his whole possession, as well as his wealth, was controlled by the Persian king Cyrus the Great and his army.
g. Why is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights important to you?
Answer:
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is important to me because it provides guarantee of basic rights like food, water and healthcare for everyone. But, it is unlikely to solve extreme global inequality prevailed in the world.
REFERENCE TO THE CONTEXT
a. Does the essay give ways on how to stigmatize inequality? Explain.
Answer:
The essay "Human Rights and the Age of Inequality” doesn't give ways to stigmatize inequality, but it discusses some ideas about the stigmatization of inequality.
Most of all, history suggests they are the wrong kind of agent: not fearful enough to provoke redistribution. If inequality increases like this, someday opponents will arise, so it is better to maintain equality and justice in society. Social equality and emancipation can be justified by forming a new kind of human rights movement to shake the common people. The humanitarian side of all human beings requires proper supervision and monitoring, supporting stakeholders, making stricter laws, removing favouritism, and maintaining justice and equality. Inequality is considered a stigma for society as it creates discord and conflict among the people, so it needs proper balance.
Or
Answer in Short:
No, the essay doesn't give ways on how to stigmatize inequality. It puts forward a statement that the current human rights movement isn’t much effective in fighting global inequality. It suggests that we need a new kind of human rights movement which is mainly focused on redistributing wealth and power among all so that the gap between rich and poor can be filled up with equality.
b. Is another human rights movement necessary? Why?
Answer:
Yes, another human rights movement is necessary because the essayist feels that human rights are operating under constrained political repression in human affairs. He wants to see another human rights movement in the coming days for the following reasons:
▪︎ Political and social hegemony are still widely prevalent.
▪︎ There is inequality prevalent everywhere in human affairs.
▪︎ People's rights and laws are limited in the pages of the constitution but not in practical behaviour.
▪︎ The unfair favouritism of one person or group is seen in a very wide range.
▪︎ There has been a violation of laws everywhere. Most powerful people have been found to misuse laws.
▪︎ Rights and justice are needed for all human beings, whether rich or poor, upper class or lower class.
Or
Answer in Short:
Yes, another human rights movement is necessary because the current movement of human rights in the world doesn’t address prevailed global economic inequality. A new movement is needed especially to focus on redistributing wealth and power to reduce this extreme global inequality.
REFERENCE BEYOND THE TEXT
a. What are the challenges in maintaining human rights in Nepal?
Answer:
Human rights are the rights that are defined as moral principles or norms for certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected in municipal and international law. These rights are the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
These rights are called the basic rights that all citizens get in different countries. In the lives of human beings, these rights play a very vital role. In every aspect of life, human rights make sure that citizens are not discriminated against based on their gender, colour, property, caste, etc.
In the context of Nepal, our constitution has guaranteed human rights by providing various rights to its citizens. The Constitution of Nepal 2072 has mentioned various fundamental rights for all Nepalese people in Articles 16 - 46. These articles include freedom for all citizens to live with dignity, freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom, the right against untouchability and discrimination, etc. In addition to basic human rights, children and women have rights according to their needs. In Nepal, human rights violations are causing a lot of backlash due to the political instability in the country. Major human rights violations were experienced when the Maoist group was fighting against the king and the monarchy for 10 years. Current human rights issues include poverty, education, inequality, violations of child rights, etc. To this end, Nepalese security forces worked meticulously in places often beyond the reach of civilian control. Nepal also faces many other challenges in maintaining human rights, such as discrimination, global inequalities, weak institutions, armed conflict and violence, and diversity of democracy.
Everyone should understand the concept of equality and should not be afraid to exercise their rights in their country. The human rights situation in Nepal is much better now than before, but there is still a long way to go for the development of equality and fraternity.
The main challenging factors in maintaining human rights in Nepal are as follows:
▪︎ Poverty (especially in rural areas)
▪︎ Education and gender inequality
▪︎ Health issues
▪︎ Child rights violations
▪︎ Abuse of power, nepotism, corruption, bribery, illiteracy, and ignorance of the people
▪︎ Preference for personal gain or favour
▪︎ Lack of proper mechanisms to streamline policies
▪︎ Lack of proper strategies to enforce the rules of law etc.
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